Capitalism

자본주의(Capitalism)는 생산 수단의 사적 소유와 이윤을 위한 운영에 기반을 둔 경제 시스템입니다.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] 자본주의의 중심적 특징은 자본 축적, 경쟁 시장, 가격 체제, 사유 재산, 재산권 인정, 자발적 교환, 및 임금 노동입니다.^[5]^[6] 자본주의 시장 경제에서, 의사-결정과 투자는 자본과 금융 시장에서 부, 재산, 또는 자본을 조종하는 능력 또는 생산 능력의 소유자에 의해 결정되고, 반면에 가격과 재화와 상품과 서비스의 분배는 상품과 서비스 시갖에서 재화의 경쟁에 의해 주로 결정됩니다.^[7]

경제학자, 역사가, 정치적 경제학자, 및 사회학자는 그들의 자본주의에 대한 분석에서 서로 다른 관점을 채택해 왔고 실제로 자본주의의 다양한 형태를 인식해 왔습니다. 이것들은 자유-방임(laissez-faire) 또는 자유-시장 자본주의, 국가-자본주의, 및 복지 자본주의를 포함합니다. 다양한 자본주의의 형태는 다양한 정도의 자유 시장, 공공 소유,^[8] 자유 경쟁에 대한 장애물과 국가-승인된 사회 정책을 특징으로 합니다. 시장에서 경쟁 정도, 개입과 규제의 역할과 마찬가지로 국가 소유의 범위는 자본주의 모델마다 다릅니다.^[9]^[10] 다양한 시장이 어느 정도로 자유롭고 사유 재산을 정의하는 규칙은 정치와 정책의 문제입니다. 기존 자본주의 경제의 대부분은 자유 시장의 요소와 국가 개입와 경우에 따라 경제 계획을 결합한 혼합 경제입니다.^[11]

시장 경제는 다양한 정부의 형태와 다양한 시대, 장소, 문화에서 존재해 왔습니다. 근대 자본주의 사회는 산업 혁명으로 이어지는 과정에서 서유럽에서 발전했습니다. 정부가 직접 개입하는 정도가 다양한 자본주의 체제는 그 이후로 서구 세계에서 지배적이 되었고 계속해서 확산되고 있습니다. 경제 성장은 자본주의 경제의 특징적인 경향이다.[12]

References

Notes

^ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (October 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.
^ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.
^ Gilpin, Robert (5 June 2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.
^ Heilbroner, Robert L. "Capitalism" Archived 28 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198.
^ Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist (2014). American Capitalism: A Reader Archived 22 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8431-1.
^ Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants.
^ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (28 February 2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.
^ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
^ Bronk, Richard (Summer 2000). "Which model of capitalism?". OECD Observer. Vol. 1999, no. 221–22. OECD. pp. 12–15. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.

[1] Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (October 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.

[3] Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.

[4] Gilpin, Robert (5 June 2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.

[5] Heilbroner, Robert L. "Capitalism" Archived 28 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, eds. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd ed. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) doi:10.1057/9780230226203.0198.

[6] Louis Hyman and Edward E. Baptist (2014). American Capitalism: A Reader Archived 22 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8431-1.

[7] Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants.

[gregorystuart-8] Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (28 February 2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.

[Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-9] Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.

[10] Bronk, Richard (Summer 2000). "Which model of capitalism?". OECD Observer. Vol. 1999, no. 221–22. OECD. pp. 12–15. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

[Stilwell-11] Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.

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